.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CHMOD "1" "December 2006" "chmod 6.7" "User Commands" .SH NAME chmod \- change file mode bits .SH SYNOPSIS .B chmod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIMODE\fR[\fI,MODE\fR]... \fIFILE\fR... .br .B chmod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIOCTAL-MODE FILE\fR... .br .B chmod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--reference=RFILE FILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of .BR chmod . .B chmod changes the file mode bits of each given file according to .IR mode , which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new mode bits. .PP The format of a symbolic mode is [\c \fBugoa\fP.\|.\|.][[\fB+-=\fP][\fIperms\fP.\|.\|.].\|.\|.], where .I "perms" is either zero or more letters from the set \fBrwxXst\fP, or a single letter from the set \fBugo\fP. Multiple symbolic modes can be given, separated by commas. .PP A combination of the letters \fBugoa\fP controls which users' access to the file will be changed: the user who owns it (\fBu\fP), other users in the file's group (\fBg\fP), other users not in the file's group (\fBo\fP), or all users (\fBa\fP). If none of these are given, the effect is as if \fBa\fP were given, but bits that are set in the umask are not affected. .PP The operator \fB+\fP causes the selected file mode bits to be added to the existing file mode bits of each file; \fB-\fP causes them to be removed; and \fB=\fP causes them to be added and causes unmentioned bits to be removed except that a directory's unmentioned set user and group ID bits are not affected. .PP The letters \fBrwxXst\fP select file mode bits for the affected users: read (\fBr\fP), write (\fBw\fP), execute (or search for directories) (\fBx\fP), execute/search only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (\fBX\fP), set user or group ID on execution (\fBs\fP), restricted deletion flag or sticky bit (\fBt\fP). Instead of one or more of these letters, you can specify exactly one of the letters \fBugo\fP: the permissions granted to the user who owns the file (\fBu\fP), the permissions granted to other users who are members of the file's group (\fBg\fP), and the permissions granted to users that are in neither of the two preceding categories (\fBo\fP). .PP A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0\-7), derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros, except that if the first digit is omitted, a directory's set user and group ID bits are not affected. The first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and restricted deletion or sticky (1) attributes. The second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's group, with the same values. .PP .B chmod never changes the permissions of symbolic links; the .B chmod system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, .B chmod changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, .B chmod ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals. .SH "RESTRICTED DELETION FLAG OR STICKY BIT" The restricted deletion flag or sticky bit is a single bit, whose interpretation depends on the file type. For directories, it prevents unprivileged users from removing or renaming a file in the directory unless they own the file or the directory; this is called the .I "restricted deletion flag" for the directory, and is commonly found on world-writable directories like \fB/tmp\fP. For regular files on some older systems, the bit saves the program's text image on the swap device so it will load more quickly when run; this is called the .IR "sticky bit" . .SH OPTIONS .PP Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-changes\fR like verbose but report only when a change is made .TP \fB\-\-no\-preserve\-root\fR do not treat `/' specially (the default) .TP \fB\-\-preserve\-root\fR fail to operate recursively on `/' .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR suppress most error messages .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR output a diagnostic for every file processed .TP \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIRFILE\fR use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR change files and directories recursively .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([\-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the terms of the GNU General Public License . There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" chmod(2) .PP The full documentation for .B chmod is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B chmod programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info chmod .PP should give you access to the complete manual.